Gender, Gender And Gender Bias - 1429 Words

Language and gender has become an increasingly popular topic of study over recent decades, most likely due to the second wave of feminism in the 1960s and 70s. This can also be seen in the fact that goals of linguistic studies shifted at this point, to not just look at grammatical differences between males and females but to examine sexism and gender bias in language. The wording of such studies becomes increasingly important in the modern era, as gender is now recognised as a socially constructed concept of masculine and feminine features, based on biological sex but not limited to that. Simone de Beauvoir (1952) believed that we gradually become more masculine or feminine but we are not inherently gendered. Language and gender was not developed as a serious subfield until the 1975 publication of Robin Lakoff’s Language and Woman’s Place. Lakoff argued that women use particular language features in order to deny themselves means of strong expression, which are stereotypically reserved for males. These features include shows of uncertainty, such as hedging and indirect requests. Indirect requests include making a statement in hope that it will elicit the desired response from someone else without openly asking. ‘Women’s speech seems†¦ to contain more instances of ‘well’, ‘y’know’†¦ words that convey the sense that the speaker is uncertain about what [she] is saying’ (Lakoff, 1975:53). Dale Spender (1980) talks about gender power relations, but disagrees with Lakoff as sheShow MoreRelatedgender bias2247 Words   |  9 Pagesï » ¿Gender Bias in Education by  Amanda Chapman  of D Youville College Sitting in the same classroom, reading the same textbook, listening to the same teacher, boys and girls receive very different educations. (Sadker, 1994) In fact, upon entering school, girls perform equal to or better than boys on nearly every measure of achievement, but by the time they graduate high school or college, they have fallen behind. (Sadker, 1994) However, discrepancies between the performance of girls and the performanceRead MoreGender Bias And Gender Inequality1373 Words   |  6 Pagesfemale only makes â…” of what the average male does. Whether it is in school, or the workforce, gender inequality still exists and is a major problem. There is still a huge difference in the way women get treated compared to the way men get treated. Due to the invisible barrier that is holding back the success of women, social realities need to be redefined in order for gender inequality to longer exist. Gender inequality refers to the unequal rights, responsibilities and opportunities of women and menRead MoreGender Equality And Gender Bias2091 Words   |  9 PagesGender equality and gender bias has been vigorously discussed and argued for decades, and it still remains as the issue that cannot be ignored in our society. The NSW department of Education and Training provides the Boys’ and Girls’ Education Strategy to assist all government schools in NSW to undertake a strategic approach to address gender as an educational issues(NSW DEC). Still, girls are now facing difficulties that arose from not only their abilities but also the influence from their familiesRead MoreRelationship Between Gender Bias And Gender Essay2236 Words   |  9 PagesThis study focuses on the relationship between gender bias, gender ideology, and gender roles in everyday life. The study analyzes how differences in gender affect professors’ behavior in the classroom. My research quest ion is how do men and women view professors’ treatment of students based on gender? Some basic guiding questions are: In your opinion and experience, do professors treat certain groups of students differently? Who are these students? Specifically, do professors treat men vs. womenRead MoreGender Bias On The Classroom1112 Words   |  5 PagesGender Bias In The Classroom Gender roles are widely accepted societal expectations about how males and females should behave (Rathus, 2010, pg. 447). Gender roles create a difference in the way that masculine and feminine behaviors are accepted among society. Gender roles are often depicted as just a part of who a person is and help better define the difference between male and female. When society begins to use these gender roles as norms we often see those who don’t fit into the correct roleRead MoreGender Bias in Education680 Words   |  3 PagesGender bias has existed in education since the inception of schooling. According to the National Women’s History Museum (NWHM), during the 1700’s, women were denied access to secondary schooling, and were only given the most basic education deemed necessary to fulfill the â€Å"women’s duties† (NWHM 1). Research from the National Coalition for Women and Girls in Education (NCWGE) has shown that when Title IX was introduced in 197 2, girls were able to participate in any state-funded activity, resultingRead MoreIndia And The Gender Bias2780 Words   |  12 Pages Gender Economics Weekly Report 1 Prof. Rupa Korde Name: Ronak Shah LE2012761090 FSLE3 Question: - The problem which are being faced in India and the gender bias in the â€Å"healthcare sector† of India India is a developing country and we all know that India is still in a health crisis. Although, India has been awarded a ‘Polio-free’ status by an official certificate by the World Health Organization (WHO), we still occupy 2nd position when it comes to population and the 112th position in sex ratioRead More Gender Roles, Stereotyping and Gender Bias Essay2273 Words   |  10 PagesGender affects every aspect of our life, from how we feel about ourselves and set our goals in educational, recreational and work opportunities as well as the the nature and extent of our participation in social and civic life. It has a strong impact on the way we practice our religion, the way we dress, the way we express our feelings and the nature of all of our relationships with others. This paper explores various facets of gender roles in order to understand this topic such as what roleRead MoreGender Bias Within The Workplace1129 Words   |  5 PagesGender bias is a concept that is seen every day, where society has taken upon itself to place male and females in certain stereotypical categories. For instance, gender bias in the workforce is one of the most common areas where women and men are treated differently. Women are supposed to work in fields such as nursing, office work, and so on; while men work in the fields of construction, engineering, athletics, etc.. In addition, there is a clear difference in the pay amount and promotions thatRead MoreThe Null Hypothesis : Gender Bias928 Words   |  4 Pages2. Null Hypothesis - Gender bias does not have a role to play in people’s mind-set towards male victims. †¢ When asked if DV affects a significant number, small number of men or doesn’t affect men, 53.2% male respondents and 58.6% female respondents think that it affects a small number of men. Only 23.8% male respondents and 31.3% female respondents think a significant number of men are affected and a further 10.9% male respondents and 10.1% female respondents think it doesn’t affect men. Since the

Increase Student Achievement And Increase Teacher...

Abstract This topic brief is going to look at performance pay and if this type of program can be used to increase student achievement and increase teacher accountability with maintaining a positive culture. This is currently a hot topic in many states and there are states that are looking to adopt this program and some states are dropping it. In some schools this type of program has proven to raise student achievement, but people argue that although these schools have had success, there is little evidence that shows that the results are sustainable for long term success. Keywords: student achievement, merit pay, teacher accountability Performance Pay Program I chose to focus on this topic because it is a topic that I have strong feelings about when it comes to education. It is a topic that is highly debated in our country and is a program that is said to fix the problem that some say we have in public education. In fact, we see this topic being discussed by the President and Secretary of Education as they have instituted the 4.3 billion dollar Race to the Top to enforce student achievement data into teacher evaluations and help enforce the concept of pay for performance. In this paper, we are going to look at performance pay and how we use student achievement to base a teacher s effectiveness and if it is truly an effective way of helping increase our nation s educational success. The United States is usually compared to other countries thatShow MoreRelatedAccountability Is The Assignment Of Responsibility For Conducting Activities970 Words   |  4 PagesWhat is accountability in education? According to educ ation.com, â€Å"Accountability is the assignment of responsibility for conducting activities in a certain way or producing specific results† (Thurlow, 2009). Accountability is a word heard every day within the school system. Everyone that has anything to do with education has to be accountable for the results of what is happening in our system. Responsibility should be shared; however, in education that is not always true. Every profession isRead MoreMajor Findings From The Campus Equity Audit1714 Words   |  7 PagesEquity Audit Richard J Wilson Elementary School has 576 students. The population consists of a student body that is 96.5% Hispanic, 0.9% African American, 2.4% white, and 0.2%. The school employs 33 teachers that have been with the school an average of nine years. Altogether, the teachers average 10 teaching years of experience. The student-teacher ratio is 17.3 students for every teacher. The special education division has two assistant teachers. In addition, the elementary school also employs fiveRead MoreEssay on The No Child Left Behind Act1440 Words   |  6 Pagesindividual students, as well as bridge achievement gaps between students. This act supports the basic standards of education reform across America; desiring to improve the learning outcomes of America’s youth. No Child Left Behind has left many to criticize the outcomes of the Act itself. Questions have risen concerning the effectiveness of NCLB, as well as the implications to America’s youth. Thesis The No Child Left Behind Act of 2001 should be revised to allow better accountability of student successRead MoreThe Importance Of Student Achievement1667 Words   |  7 PagesIn today’s society, it is important that all students are provided with the opportunity to receive a quality education. The focus on improved student achievement places pressure on educators to research and find ways for students to acquire needed skills to become academically successful in the classroom setting. One of the biggest challenges for educators is to explore ways for the low performing students to meet the established levels of achievement. This process requires a commitment from allRead More No Child Left Behind Will Reform Our Educational System Essay1748 Words   |  7 PagesChild Left Behind, is a landmark in education reform, designed to improve student achievement and change the culture of Americas schools. Bush describes his plan as the cornerstone of my administration (Rebora). At a time of wide public concern about the state of education, the legislation sets in place requirements that reach into virtually every public school in America. The law emphasizes accountability, teacher quality, parent choice, improved teaching methods, and flexibility. (Correa)Read MoreMajor Findings From The Campus Equity Audit1702 Words   |  7 PagesEquity Audit? Richard J Wilson Elementary School has 576 students. The population consists of students that are 96.5% Hispanic, 0.9% African American, 2.4% white, and 0.2%. The school employs 33 teachers that have been with the school an average of nine years. Altogether, the teachers average 10 teaching years of experience. The student-teacher ratio is 17.3 students for every teacher. The special education division has two assistant teachers. In addition, the elementary school also employs five educationRead MoreOur Students Are Our Future910 Words   |  4 PagesOur students are our future. Our alumni will eventually run our nation and they are what our world will come to depend on. It is our job to successfully teach them and equip them with the skills they need to live successful lives and teach their future generations. Currently we are not completely fulfilling our responsibility. Many of us only see the problem in our teachers, but it s not totally their fault. Our entire system is corrupt , from the standardized tests to the curriculum. The systemRead MoreIntroduction. A Resounding â€Å"Thank You† Is Directed Toward1514 Words   |  7 PagesState Standards (CCSS) Initiative. CCSS is set of quality academic standards in math and English for grade levels K-12 that outlines what a student should have learned at the successful completion of each grade. Ultimately, the CCSS levels the learning field for students across America, regardless of social class, race, or disability by requiring all students to meet the same standards of quality education. Statement of the Problem The popularity of the CCSS falls onto a spectrum. One end favorsRead MoreThe Pros And Cons Of Standardized Testing1085 Words   |  5 Pagesthe relative performance of students. A critical addition to education, standardized testing was a major step towards regulating a student’s achievements, ensuring the accountability of teachers, and guiding a school’s curriculum. Despite this noble aspiration, since the enactment of the No Child Left Behind Act and afterward the Every Student Succeeds Act, which made standardized testing mandatory, American education has depreciated due to its unfair judgment of students’ learning, the narrownessRead MoreStandard Based Grading And Academic Achievement Among Students With Individual Education Plan1700 Words   |  7 PagesGrading and Academic Achievement among students with Individual Education Plans Nesha Sanders University of the Cumberlands Chapter One: Introduction This study will describe how standard based grading can affect academic achievement in students that have an Individual Education Plan (IEP). Standards-based grading measures as student’s proficiency based on their ability to perform a skill set forth by a state standard. When standards-based grading is implemented students are given clear cut

Torts Tl10005 Principles of Torts Law

Question: Discuss about theTorts Tl10005 Principles of Torts Law. Answer: Introduction: The issue in this case is related with the injuries suffered by Mandy when a bottle of orange juice exploded in her face and she lost an eye. Therefore it needs to be decided if Tamara Natural Juice Limited (TNJL) or Ms. Hooper can be held liable for these injuries. The explosion in the bottle of orange juice took place due to the yeast bacteria in the bottle as during the pasteurisation of the producers, the company heated the products to 75 degrees while the scientists suggest that although such an occurrence was most uncommon but it can be completely eliminated if the fruit juice was heated up to 85 degrees. At the same time, the risk could also be reduced further if instead of using the glass bottles, the manufacturers used plastic containers. But it was difficult to heat the product up to 85 as the production costs will increase significantly and the production will become uneconomic. At the same time, the plastic containers were not easily recycled and were not biodegradable. I t has also been mentioned that most of the other interested manufacturers also used glass containers instead of the plastic containers. Similarly in view of the fact that fermentation was very rare and any costs associated with introducing a change was too high, it was considered as unnecessary and uneconomic. Therefore, under the circumstances reliability of TNJL and Mrs. Hooper needs to be decided regarding the injuries suffered by Mandy. Rule: in order to decide the above-mentioned issue, the rules related with the law negligence out to be analyzed. Under the law, the term negligence means a failure to do what would have been done by any reasonable person under the circumstances (Mersey Docks and Harbour Board Ltd v Coggins and Griffith (Liverpool) Ltd., 1946). In order to establish liability for negligence, the plaintiff is required to have that the respondent had a duty of care. In the past, the law has also provided for the requirement according to which equal, including the companies have to conduct their affairs in accordance with the standard that can be expected from a reasonable person.[1] In this way, in order to recover compensation under negligence, the plaintiff is required to establish that (i) the defendant had a duty of care towards the plaintiff; (ii) such duty of care has been breached by the defendant; and (iii) the personal injury or the damage suffered by the plaintiff was caused by such breach of duty. Under these circumstances, it becomes important to consider what the duty of care is. While deciding if the defendant owed a duty of care, a number of legal principles and policy factors are taken into account by the court (Hollis v Vabu Pty Ltd., 2001). Particularly when the situation is new and the relationship has not been an established relationship which includes a duty of care, the court has to consider several factors. Therefore, for this purpose the court has to consider the type of harm suffered by the plaintiff; the control that the defendant had over the situation which resulted in the harm and the vulnerability of the plaintiff to such harm; the nature of relationship that existed between the defendant and the plaintiff as compared to the duty relationships; the moral and ethical considerations and the coherency and consistency of the legal principles.[2] In case of certain easily established relationships a duty of care is present, like the occupiers liability or the motor vehicle liability. In the same way, the manufacturers of products are also considered to have a duty of care towards the ultimate consumers of their goods.[3] However, outside these established relationships, the court has to consider the factors mentioned above for deciding if a duty of care is present or not in a particular relationship.[4] Even when it can be said that a reasonably foreseeable risk is present, it is not necessary that the court will hold that the defendant had a duty of care. For this purpose, the essential considerations include the vulnerability of the plaintiff, the nature of the harm suffered by the plaintiff and if the risk was not insignificant.[5] At the same time, there is also the issue of inconsistency with other duties that are owed by the defendant in case of other relationships. For example the Civil Liability Act contains special provisions regarding the liability of volunteers. For example where a social worker was investigating the allegations made against the father, related with child abuse and the harm suffered by the father's reputation and employment is caused, the court will take into account the duty of the social worker to investigate the allegations and also the duty relationship that exists between the child and the social worker to override reasonable foreseeability of causin g such harm to the plaintiff. However in some other situations, it may not be so easy to decide the liability for the harm. Therefore, several factors have to be considered while deciding if the driver had a duty of care towards a person who was walking on the highway during the night. The next requirement is that there should be a breach of duty of care. In order to establish a breach of this duty, the elements need to be satisfied.[6] The person knew or should have known regarding the risk. This is also known as reasonable foreseeability. The risk should not be insignificant and any reasonable person under similar circumstances would have taken precautions against such a risk. The requirement to which the risk should not be insignificant has been the result of recent civil liability reforms and the introduction of Civil Liability Act. The introduction of this Act has raised the bar that is required from reasonable person before such person is required to act. Therefore under the current position, while the harm should be reasonably foreseeable, at the same time it is also required that the risk should not be insignificant. However the standards have to be decided on the basis of the facts of each case. In the same way, the precautions that will be considered as reasonable by the court will also vary, depending on the circumstances of each case.[7] The considerations that have to be made by reasonable person by deciding the issue of taking precautions against the risk have been mentioned in the Civil Liability Act as follows. The chances that the harm may take place if there is not exercised; the likely seriousness of the harm; the burden of taking the precautions for avoiding such a risk and the potential the benefit of the activity due to which others have been exposed to the risk of harm. The decision given in Donoghue v Stevenson (1932) can be considered while deciding the issue if a person knew or should have known regarding the risk. In this case, the significance of foreseeability of injury or damage to the plaintiff due to the defendant's conduct was mentioned. Under the Civil Liability Act, coalition mentions that negligence should be the necessary condition and such harm should fall within the liability of the defendant. Hence, a connection should be present between the alleged negligence on the part of the defendant and the harm suffered by the plaintiff.[8] However this is a question of fact. Under the common law, the but for test was used to decide the issue of causation and it was seen if 'but for' the actions of the defendant, the harm suffered by the plaintiff would not have taken place. However, the Civil Liability Act provided in this regard that because should be a necessary element of harm. In this regard, the Civil Liability Act asks if foreseeability was apt in the context of the scope of liability of the party in breach to extend to the harm suffered by the plaintiff. According to the Act, the policy issues that may arise have to be considered.[9] Therefore it can be said that the best way is to see if a reason is present due to which the defendant should not be held liable.[10] An example in this regard can be given of the case titled Commonwealth v Verwayen.[11] In this case, the Commonwealth was held to be liable for breach of its duty of care as a ship sank as a result of negligence. It was stated that the Commonwealth was liable for causing the accident but the plaintiff for the liver and lung cancer that was caused as a result of heavy drinking and smoking that started on part of the plaintiff as a result of experiencing the accident. Earlier the courts have discussed it in context of remoteness and proximity. Another factor in this regard is an intervening cause - nova causainterveniens. However, according to the Civil Liability Act, it has to be considered in terms of policy reasons. Will it be inapt to consider one party liable for all the results of the event where there were intervening factors like the own choices of the person.[12] Generally the breach of duty of care is self-evident. However, an additional requirement has been added by the Civil Liability Act according to which the standard that can be used to decide if there has been a breach of duty is that the risk should not be far-fetched or fanciful. Therefore the risk should not be an immaterial risk.[13] It also needs to be considered if any other reasonable person would have taken precautions against such a risk. This can be referred to as carelessness. It can be described as a failure to do what could have been done by any reasonable person under similar circumstances. But in this regard, after the implementation of the Civil Liability Act, the courts consider the factors like cost involved in taking the precautions and the magnitude of the risk.[14] The issue of what could have been done by any reasonable person under the circumstances is a question of fact. Application:In the present case, TNJL uses the pasteurisation process for preserving its fruit juices. For this purpose, each water product is heated up to a temperature of 75 degrees before sealing the bottles. This is a very crucial process in manufacturing as this process prevents the yeast bacteria from entering the fruit juice. If any yeast bacteria has entered and survived and the juice, the juice may be fermented. The gas that has been built up in the bottle during the fermentation process can cause the bottle to explode after some time. But generally it is accepted that this kind of organs is very rare. At the same time, according to the CSIRO report, it has been mentioned that although this occurrence is very rare but it can be completely avoided if the product is heated by the manufacturers to a minimum temperature of 85 degrees. At the same time, the risk can also be reduced significantly if plastic containers are used by the manufacturers instead of glass bottles. But the juice manufacturers have opposed this report on the grounds that if the product is heated to a minimum temperature of 85 degrees, the cost of production will increase significantly as a result of the increase in power charges. As a result, the production will become an economic. At the same time, the fruit juice manufacturers also pointed out that the plastic containers were not biodegradable and could not be recycled easily. As a result they were not environment friendly. They have also pointed out towards the fact that other interstate manufacturers were also using glass bottles. They have stated that the fermentation is very rare and at the same time, the cost regarding the introduction of these changes was too high. As a result, it was unnecessary as well as uneconomic to implement these changes in New South Wales. As mentioned above, along with other factors, the cost related with taking the precautions also needs to be considered. Another relevant fact in this case is that fermentation is a very rare occurrence. Therefore in this case, it can be stated that TNJL or Ms Hooper cannot be held liable for the injury suffered by Mandy. Conclusion: TNJL and Ms. Hooper is not liable for injuries suffered by Mandy. There was no negligence on part of Ms. Hooper. Similarly, TNJL had taken all the precautions that are necessary in this case. Taking other precautions like heating the product of 85 degrees or using plastic containers will involve a significant cost that was not proportionate to the risk present in this case. Bibliography Bailey, S (2006) Public authority liability in negligence: the continued search for coherence 26 Legal Studies 155 Barker, C (2006) Wielding Occams Razor: pruning strategies for economic loss 26 (2) Oxford Journal of Legal Studies 289 Case, P (2001) Something old, something new, something borrowed . . . the continued evolution of Bolam 17 Professional Negligence 75 Stapleton, J (1995) Duty of care: peripheral parties and alternative opportunities for deterrence 111 Law Quarterly Review301 Morgan, J (2005) Slowing the expansion of public authority liability 121 Law Quarterly Review 43 Teff, H (1992) Liability for psychiatric illness after Hillsborough 12 Oxford Journal of Legal Studies 440 Dias, R W M (1953) The duty problem in negligence Cambridge Law Journal 198 Mitchell, P and Mitchell, C (2005) Negligence liability for pure economic loss 121 Law Quarterly Review 194 Gearty, C (2002) Osman unravels 67 Modern Law Review 87 Harlow, C (2005) Understanding Tort Law , 3rd edn, Chapter 2. Sweet Maxwell Case Law Commonwealth v Verwayen ("Voyager case") [1990] HCA 39 Deatons Pty Ltd v Flew (1949) 79 CLR 370 Donoghue v Stevenson'' [1932] UKHL 100 Hollis v Vabu Pty Ltd (2001) 207 CLR 2 Mersey Docks and Harbour Board Ltd v Coggins and Griffith (Liverpool) Ltd [1946] 2 All ER 345 HL New South Wales v Lepore [2003] HCA 4